The paper deals with the specifics of the colonization of the Orenburg Governorate in the context of national domestic policy. The authors reveal some general features of different ethnic groups’ economic and everyday life in the region and characterize the peculiar role of the national question during the reign of Catherine II. The main sources for the research are the materials of the State Archive of the Orenburg region. Research results presented in the paper contribute to the expansion and elaboration of modern approaches to the study of the historical evolution of agrarian relations.
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