Is this article, we test the Kuznets hypothesis, which is not supported by the analysis of the data array of the countries and their regional groups, except for the less developed countries of Africa. At the same time, a weak inverse relation between economic development level and the Gini coefficient is discovered, as well as the influence of regional distinctions and social institutions on the level of income differentiation. Multifactor regression is constructed reflecting the reverse effect of the Gini coefficient and the direct impact of the level of quality of the institutional environment on GDP per capita in 134 countries. The analysis of the time series for Russia shows a pronounced ascending branch of the Kuznets curve, which is also confirmed by comparing Russia’s regions. For the purpose of adequate comparison of regions, a new method of real regional incomes and real gross regional product determination is proposed and applied.
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