A classification of the gradient theories of elasticity, describing the spectrum of cohesive and adhesive interactions in the continual mechanics of solids is given. The structure of the adhesive interactions in the continuum mechanical model and an analysis of the adhesion parameters are shown. The gradient effects and their influence on the physical and mechanical properties of microstructured materials are discussed. Some examples of modeling the non-classical effects for structured media (ceramics, nanocomposites and etc.) are given.
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